Participatory Design of Restorative Spaces in the Age of the Fifth Industrial Revolution

This paper explores how participatory design can inform the creation of restorative spaces that strengthen human–nature connectedness in future urban environments. Drawing on biophilic design principles and supported by environmental psychology, the study investigates how spatial experiences contribute to well-being and recovery in the built environment. The research is situated within the context of the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR), which emphasises the integration of emerging technologies with human-centred values. As societies navigate digital acceleration, environmental crises, and increasing urbanisation, the need to design spaces that offer physiological, psychological, and social restoration is more urgent than ever. This cross-cultural case study was conducted in Finland and Japan, two societies with deep-rooted traditions of nature appreciation but differing spatial and cultural contexts. The study employed mixed methods: (1) a quantitative survey in which 102 participants evaluated nine spatial images using four bipolar adjective scales (natural–artificial, public–private, comfortable–uncomfortable, relaxing–restless); and (2) qualitative participatory design workshops where participants ideated their visions for ideal restorative spaces. The survey results indicated that spaces with the strongest biophilic characteristics were consistently rated as the most restorative. Workshop analysis revealed common features that supported restorative experiences: sensory connection to nature (plants, natural light, water, and sound), spatial adaptability to personal needs, and a balance between social and private zones. Emerging technologies play a critical role in the realisation of such visions. Smart materials and AI-driven environmental systems can dynamically respond to users’ psychological and physiological states. Virtual and augmented reality technologies can simulate natural environments in urban areas with limited green infrastructure, expanding the possibilities of biophilic engagement. This paper contributes a design research framework for envisioning future restorative environments. It highlights the value of participatory design processes in uncovering culturally resonant, user-driven insights, and advocates for a holistic, inclusive, and responsive approach to restorative spatial design.