Outdoor play in Europe: terminology and state of research, practice, and policy

Outdoor play is strongly associated with human health, development, and wellbeing, yet modern lifestyles and changing environments increasingly restrict opportunities for outdoor play. The state of outdoor play in Europe is not well understood, as there is limited alignment among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in defining, researching, or promoting opportunities for outdoor play within communities and across Europe more broadly. This study aims to offer a comprehensive assessment of the European outdoor play system by mapping its core elements—terminology, research, practice, and policy.. Methods. This mixed-methods study collected data through expert-elicitation from representative counties across Europe, with particular focus on traditionally underrepresented regions. Results. Although there has recently been more emphasis on the health benefits of outdoor play, conceptual and ontological differences relating to outdoor play continue to challenge any consistent harmonisation or cross-country comparison processes. Conclusions. Based on these observations, we formulate actions to strengthen the outdoor play system across Europe, including enhancing monitoring, promoting supportive policy, and leveraging international, cross-disciplinary forums. Coordinated researcher and practitioner networks can identify priorities, support mission-driven projects, and inform Europe-level policies to expand outdoor play opportunities and drive positive, resilient continental health outcomes.