TY - JOUR
T1 - Birding recreation specialization – A test of the factorial invariance in eight languages
AU - Randler, Christoph
AU - Diaz-Morales, Juan F.
AU - Jokimäki, Jukka
AU - Ortiz-Pulido, Rául
AU - Staller, Naomi
AU - De Salvo, Maria
AU - Tryjanowski, Piotr
AU - Tsai, Jo Szu
AU - de Almeida Barbosa, Renan
AU - Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Marja Liisa
N1 - Funding Information:
We are grateful to our study participants that filled in the questionnaire. We thank the anonymous referees and editors for their helpful comments. Jukka Jokimäki and Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki worked in the project “Responsible Tourism Planning (2019–2023; project number 326348)” funded by the Academy of Finland (PROFI 5 Competitive funding to strengthen universities’ research profiles).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 National Recreation and Park Association.
PY - 2022/10/20
Y1 - 2022/10/20
N2 - Birding specialization can be measured alongside a continuum from the beginner to the specialist. The structure of birding specialization has three dimensions: (1) skill/knowledge, (2) behavior, and (3) psychological commitment. We tested the factorial structure and factorial invariance of the birding specialization scale in traditional and simplified Chinese, Finnish, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, and Spanish birders. A total of 2,913 (32% women) birdwatchers participated in this study. In all languages, the hierarchical factorial structure with three sub-factors and one general factor was satisfactory. We found support for configural invariance in all languages, metric invariance in some language comparisons, but no support for scalar invariance. Therefore, the construct can be applied in all languages, but comparisons of means should be done with caution. Further translation should try to seek the same configural invariance, but also aim for metric and scalar invariance.
AB - Birding specialization can be measured alongside a continuum from the beginner to the specialist. The structure of birding specialization has three dimensions: (1) skill/knowledge, (2) behavior, and (3) psychological commitment. We tested the factorial structure and factorial invariance of the birding specialization scale in traditional and simplified Chinese, Finnish, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, and Spanish birders. A total of 2,913 (32% women) birdwatchers participated in this study. In all languages, the hierarchical factorial structure with three sub-factors and one general factor was satisfactory. We found support for configural invariance in all languages, metric invariance in some language comparisons, but no support for scalar invariance. Therefore, the construct can be applied in all languages, but comparisons of means should be done with caution. Further translation should try to seek the same configural invariance, but also aim for metric and scalar invariance.
KW - Birding
KW - birdwatching
KW - measurement
KW - recreation specialization
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85140205068&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85140205068&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/00222216.2022.2117578
DO - 10.1080/00222216.2022.2117578
M3 - Comment/debate
AN - SCOPUS:85140205068
SN - 2159-6417
JO - Journal of Leisure Research
JF - Journal of Leisure Research
ER -