Geoengineering: Integrated approaches and impacts

China's main solar geoengineering research program funded by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology. The project was a consortium of Beijing Normal University, Zhejian University and Chinese Academy of Social Science.
There are 3 main focus areas: 1) basic science of geoengineering applying process-based models focussed on particular impacts or aspects of the climate system.2) Experiments using earth System Models such as BNU-ESM to explore global impacts on climate and its sub-systems 3) socio-governance aspects applied to both China and whole globe.

We developed the idea of conserving the ice sheets, thus preventing large sea level rises, by pro-actively engineering them. We showed in a Nature Comment piece and with modelling already published and underway that changing the bathymetry in front of large glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica can stabilize the ice on land. The approaches begin with computer studies, then lab work planned with engineers (e.g. at UBC, Canada and Finland), then to engage and co-designs with Greenlandic communities, and finally, after 2 or more decades, to difficult projects in Antarctica. We showed that the ideas have scientific credibility by using state of the art modelling studies, we are developing new modeling tools to study the subglacial sediment hydrology, and water flow in front of, and beneath the major ice sheet outlet glaciers.
Significance
Targeted geoengineering aimed at minimizing particular impacts from climate change is becoming a major focus of the geoengineering research community because agreement on how to govern application of global solar radiation management is highly problematic and little or no progress has been made in many years. Sea level rise is the most damaging impact of climate change, with costs of coastal protection expected to be around 50 billion USD per year by 2100. Costs of engineering to conserve the ice sheets are likely to be 10% of that, and benefit all countries thus it is globally equitable, and gives long lasting transgenerational security. The ideas generated great interest in the scientific community, and in popular media (Nature Comment, articles in major newspapers and magazines, presentations to the EU parliament, US National Academy of Sciences, various ambassadors and presidents, etc). Ice sheet conservation is called for legally under both the Precautionary Approach and the Rio Principle of differentiated but shared responsibilities among states.



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2)Dongxinlin Ph.D. thesis
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13)Cao, L. and J. Jiang, Simulated Effect of Carbon Cycle Feedback on Climate Response to Solar Geoengineering. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2017. 44(24): p. 12484-12491. （第一标注）
14)Duan, L., et al., Climate Response to Pulse Versus Sustained Stratospheric Aerosol Forcing. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2019. 46(15): p. 8976-8984. （第一标注）
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19)温作龙, 姜玖与曹龙, 太阳辐射管理地球工程对海洋酸化影响的模拟研究. 气候变化研究进展, 2019. 15(01): 第41-53页. （第一标注）

20)Cao, L., et al., Simultaneous stabilization of global temperature and precipitation through cocktail geoengineering. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2017. 44(14): p. 7429-7437. （第一标注）

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43.NC1 Moore, J.C., R. Gladstone, T. Zwinger, M. Wolovick, 2018, Geoengineer polar glaciers to slow sea level rise, Nature 555, 303-305
44.NC2 Rahman, A., P. Artaxo, A. Asrat, A. Parker, T. Dasgupta, A. Ghosh, A. Hathayatham, R. Lasco, P. Lefale, J.C. Moore, A. Qaiyum Suleri, N. Torto 2018, Developing countries must lead on solar geoengineering research, Nature 556, 22-24
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46.Huisingh, D., Z. Zhang , J. C. Moore,, Q. Qiao , Q. Li 2015, Recent Advances in Carbon Emissions Reduction: Policies, Technologies, Monitoring, Assessment and Modeling, Journal of Cleaner Production 103,1-12, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.098

47.Kravitz, B., A. Robock, S. Tilmes, O. Boucher, J.M. English, P.J. Irvine, A. Jones, M.G. Lawrence, M. MacCracken, H. Muri, J. C. Moore, U. Niemeier, S.J. Phipps, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, H. Wang, S. Watanabe 2015, The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (GeoMIP6): Simulation Design and Preliminary Results, Geoscientific Model Development 8, 3379–3392, doi:10.5194/gmd-8-3379-2015.

48.Wei, T., W. Dong, J. C. Moore, Q. Yan, Y. Song, Z. Yang, W. Yuan, J. Chou, X. Cui, X. Yan, Z. Wei, Y. Guo, S. Yang, D. Tian, P. Lin, S. Yang, Z. Wen, H. Lin, M. Chen, G. Feng, Y. Jiang, X. Zhu, J. Chen, X. Wei, W. Shi, Z. Zhang, J. Dong, Y. Li, D. Chen, 2016, Quantitative estimation of the climatic effects of carbon transferred by international trade, Scientific Reports 6, 28046, doi:10.1038/srep28046

49.Yang, Z. T. Wei, J. C. Moore, J. Chou, W. Dong, R. Dai, S. Yang, and J. Ban 2016 A New Consumption-based Accounting model for Greenhouse Gases from 1948 to 2012, Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 368-377, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.134

50.Kashimura, H., M. Abe, S. Watanabe, T. Sekiya, D. Ji, J. C. Moore, J.N.S. Cole and B. Kravitz 2017 Shortwave radiative forcing, rapid adjustment, and feedback to the surface by sulfate geoengineering: analysis of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project G4 scenario, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, 3339-3356, doi:10.5194/acp-17-3339-2017, 2017.

51.Sugiyama, M., S. Asayama. A. Ishii; T. Kosugi, J. C. Moore, J. Lin, P.F. Lefale, W. Burns, M, Fujiwara, A. Ghosh, J. Horton, A. Kurosawa, A. Parker, M. Thompson, P-H. Wong, L. Xia 2017 The Asia-Pacific's role in the emerging climate engineering debate Climatic Change doi: 10.1007/s10584-017-1994-0

52.Stjern, C.W., H. Muri, L. Ahlm, O. Boucher, J.N.S. Cole, D. Ji, A. Jones, J. Haywood, B. Kravitz, A. Lenton, J.C. Moore, U. Niemeier, S.J. Phipps, H. Schmidt, S. Watanabe, J. E. Kristjánsson 2018 Response to marine cloud brightening in a multi-model ensemble Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, 621-634, doi 10.5194/acp-18-621-2018.

53.Jones, A.C. M.K. Hawcroft, J.M. Haywood, A. Jones, X. Guo, and J.C. Moore 2018 Regional climate impacts of stabilizing global warming at 1.5 K using solar geoengineering, Earth’s Future 6 doi 10.1002/2017EF000720

54.McGuire, A.D., D.M. Lawrence, C. Koven, J.S. Clein, E. Burke, G. Chen, E. Jafarov, A.H. MacDougall, S. Marchenko, D. Nicolsky, S. Peng, A. Rinke, P. Ciais, I. Gouttevin, D.J. Hayes, D. Ji, G. Krinner, J.C. Moore, V. Romanovsky, C. Schädel, K. Schaefer, E.A.G. Schuur, and Q. Zhuang 2018 The dependence of the evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the trajectory of climate change, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences doi10.1073/pnas.1719903115